« A great American story ». C’est en ces termes un peu emphatiques que les dirigeants du groupe américain Cheniere Energy saluaient fin février le départ du premier méthanier de leur usine de gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL) de Sabine Pass en Louisiane. Destination du Asia-Vision : le port brésilien de Rio de Janeiro et les réservoirs de Petrobras. D’ici à la fin mai, huit autres tankers quitteront ce terminal, dont certains à destination de la France ou du Royaume-Uni, où les français EDF et Engie ou le britannique BG Group sont prêts pour les accueillir. Cette « belle histoire américaine » qui symbolise la renaissance des Etats-Unis comme grande puissance énergétique. Longtemps importateurs, ils seront exportateurs net dans quelques années. Un scénario inimaginable il y a dix ans, avant que la technique très controversée de la fracturation hydraulique et les forages horizontaux n’entraînent la révolution du gaz puis du pétrole de schiste.
Sabine Pass est le symbole de l’incroyable renversement de la donne énergétique aux Etats-Unis, et par contrecoup dans le monde. Dans les années 2000, le pays se préparait à importer de grandes quantités de gaz liquéfié, et ce site implanté dans le Bayou devait accueillir un terminal de regazéification du gaz liquide importé du Moyen-Orient, d’Afrique ou d’Asie. C’est désormais une des cinq usines de GNL qui ont reçu le feu vert de l’administration Obama sur les côtes du Texas et de Louisiane. D’autres suivront et les experts s’attendent à ce que le pays rejoigne rapidement les poids lourds…




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